Managing newborn lambs

Hygiene around lambing

Many newborn lambs are still lost around lambing time and it's been estimated as many as one in five lamb deaths may have occurred because of an unhygienic environment. However, maintaining good hygiene should not be that difficult and is the foundation of any lambing season plan.

Make sure your lambing pens are thoroughly cleaned before the ewes come inside to lamb using a DEFRA-approved disinfectant. Once the pen has dried out bed it up with plenty of clean, dry bedding ready for the new occupants. Good hygiene is also vital during lambing, so it's well worth wearing disposable, close-fitting protective gloves when lambing any ewes that need assistance.

Avoid lambing ewes in small pens to keep bedding as clean and dry as possible. Any obvious wet straw and afterbirth should be cleaned out and fresh, clean straw provided between ewes to reduce mis-mothering and disease issues. Putting lime in the bottom of pens can also keep them dry and minimise potential disease problems.

Avoiding lamb illnesses

With good hygiene, diseases such as navel ill and E.coli diarrhoea can potentially be avoided because maintaining a clean lambing environment minimises the chances of picking up bacterial infections from dirty conditions. Treating lamb's navels with iodine will also help prevent undesirable bacteria getting into the lamb.

Why are newborn lambs so vulnerable?

• There is no transfer of antibodies across the placenta in ruminants. This means lambs are born with no protection against disease and are reliant on colostrum for passive immunity.
• Newborn lambs have a very permeable gut lining that can allow any ingested bacteria and toxins into the blood stream. Slow gut movements during the first day of life give ingested bacteria more time to establish and multiply.
• Newborn lambs have limited energy reserves. All lambs are born with a finite amount of brown fat within their bodies, which acts as a stopgap between birth and the time a lamb is able to feed.
• Newborn lambs have a large surface area to bodyweight ratio, which makes them susceptible to heat loss. This means they lose heat at much higher rate when they are wet than when they are dry.

Improving newborn lamb survival rates

The ability to survive is largely dependent on the response of the lamb to the environment into which it is born. Lambs are born wet, often into cold or wet conditions and with limited energy reserves. High energy levels are needed to maintain body temperature, and these must be supplied by efficient metabolism of their brown fat and by the ability of the lamb to stand and suckle to obtain milk.

Any lambs that do not feed within the first few hours after birth will soon run out of energy reserves to keep warm, and will die rapidly if there is no intervention; no matter what environment they are born into.

Hypothermia in newborn lambs

Hypothermia and starvation are the two principal causes of early lamb mortality. To maintain its body temperature the newborn lamb must produce as much heat as it is losing to the environment. If the lamb cannot do this, its body temperature will start to fall. Hypothermia (chilling) is a condition where the lamb's body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and body function (below 38.5°C). If not remedied, it can lead to death. In newborn lambs hypothermia usually results from exposure. In lambs over 24 hours old hypothermia is usually a result of starvation.

If a lamb is hypothermic try and warm it up before giving it food. First dry it with a towel and then put it in a warming box with warm air fans set at 35-37°C (avoid infra-red lamps because lambs can overheat under these). Keep an eye on the hypothermic lambs and once its body temperature reaches 37°C take it out of the box and feed it milk via a stomach tube. If the hypothermia is severe lambs can often be revived with a glucose solution ask your vet for advice, if necessary.

Starvation in newborn lambs

Starvation can be caused by many factors such as an inadequate intake of colostrum, rejection by the ewe, mastitis, inadequate milk production, injury or illness and/or a difficult birth. Careful and regular shepherding is crucial to ensure that lambs have received adequate food and to spot any lambs in difficulty early and treat them as needed.

Top tips to give your newborn lambs the best start in life:

1. Make sure the lamb can be identified with its mother and is well bonded
2. Check the lamb is dry
3. Treat the navel cord with iodine within 15 minutes of birth
4. Check the lamb has suckled and ingested sufficient colostrum
5. Check the ewe has an adequate milk supply
6. Avoid unnecessary interference
7. Ensure good hygiene at all times